அக், 17 2024

இரவு ஒரு 10: 35 மணி இருக்கும் கணினியை திறந்து லாகின் செய்து விட்டு குரோமியம் உலவியில் தமிழ் லினக்ஸ் பாரத்தில் போட்ட கேள்விக்கு பதில் வந்ததா என்று பார்த்துக்கொண்டிருந்தேன்.

பார்த்துகொண்டிருக்கும் போது ஜேசன் அவர்களின் பதிவு தந்தி(Telegram App)யில் வந்தது. அதில் A2D நந்தா அவர்களின் CDK Offers மற்றும் CDKLabs பற்றிய சில செய்திகள் வந்தது. அவற்றையெல்லம் பார்த்துவிட்டு கணினியில் சுட்டியை சொடுக்கினேன் செய்தேன். எதற்கும் ஒத்துழைக்க வில்லை ஆனால் சுட்டி மட்டும் நகர்ந்தது. விசைப்பலகையை தட்டி டெர்மினலில் எதேனும் கட்டளைகளை பயன்படுத்தி குரோமியத்தினை நிறுத்திவிட்டு மீள் தொடங்கலாம் என நினைத்தேன். ஆனால் விசைகள் இயங்கின அதனுடைய உள்ளீட்டை கணிணி ஏற்கவில்லை.

திறன்பேசியில் தேடினேன்.

ரெடிட்டில் ஒரு பதிவு கிடைத்தது. அதில் குறிப்பிட்ட படி ctrl+alt+F3 யை அழுத்தினேன். பின்னர்

sudo systemctl status gdm 

கட்டளையிட்டேன் (inactive) நிலையில் இருந்தது. பின்னர் நான் lightdm பயன்படுத்துவதால் அதனுய நிலையை சரிபார்த்தேன்.

sudo systemctl status lightdm

அது இயக்கத்தில் இருந்தது. lightdm ஐ மீள்தொடக்கம் செய்தேன். பின்வரும் கட்டளை கொண்டு

sudo systemctl restart lightdm

மீள் தொடக்கம் செய்ததும் விசைப்பலகை சரியாக இயங்கியது. சுட்டியும் நன்றாக இயங்கியது.

நன்றாக இயங்கியதால் இந்த பதிவையும் எழுத முடிந்தது.

நன்றி.

Lightning Talk by Krishna

Topic : Desktop Customization : picom, pywal

Resource : Krishna S

SSD File System Comparison : https://www.linux.org/threads/comparison-of-file-systems-for-an-ssd.28780/

https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/KanchiLUGMMOct13

Notes on Choosing HDD to SSD Linux Installation migration

Chat GPT Prompt : how to backup current linux installation configuration files and packages list as a archive and apply on a new installation

Result

Backing up your current Linux installation’s configuration files and package lists is a great way to ensure you can easily restore or replicate your setup on a new installation. Here’s how you can do it:

Step 1: Backup Configuration Files

1. Identify Configuration Files: Most configuration files are located in /etc. You may also have application-specific configurations in your home directory (like .bashrc, .vimrc, etc.).
2. Create an Archive:
   You can create a compressed archive (like a tarball) of your configuration files. Run the following command:

   sudo tar -czvf config_backup.tar.gz /etc /home/your_username/.bashrc /home/your_username/.vimrc

Adjust the paths based on what configuration files you want to back up.

Step 2: Backup Installed Packages List

The method to back up the installed package list depends on your Linux distribution.

For Debian-based systems (like Ubuntu):

1. Backup Installed Packages:

   dpkg --get-selections > package_list.txt

2. Backup Sources List:

   sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup

For Red Hat-based systems (like Fedora, CentOS):

1. Backup Installed Packages:

   rpm -qa > package_list.txt

2. Backup Repositories:

   sudo cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d/ /path/to/backup/repo_backup/

Step 3: Create a Complete Backup Archive

Combine everything into one archive:

tar -czvf full_backup.tar.gz config_backup.tar.gz package_list.txt /etc/apt/sources.list.backup

Step 4: Restore on a New Installation

1. Transfer the Backup: Copy the full_backup.tar.gz to your new installation.
2. Extract the Backup:

   tar -xzvf full_backup.tar.gz

3. Restore Configuration Files:

   sudo tar -xzvf config_backup.tar.gz -C /

4. Restore Package List: For Debian-based systems:

   sudo dpkg --set-selections < package_list.txt
   sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade

#### For Red Hat-based systems:
You can reinstall packages from the list:

   xargs -a package_list.txt sudo dnf install -y

5. Restore Sources List (Debian-based):

   sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.backup /etc/apt/sources.list
   sudo apt update

Step 5: Finalize and Reboot

After restoring everything, it’s a good idea to reboot your system to ensure all configurations take effect.

Notes:

• Make sure to review any new configurations or installed packages after the restoration, as dependencies and versions may vary.
• For user-specific configurations, you may want to back up the entire home directory or specific application directories.

This process should help you smoothly transition to a new Linux installation with your desired configurations and packages!

Chat GPT Prompt : I am in a plan of migrating linux os to a new file system which is xfs or zfs brtfs which on is good

Choosing between XFS, ZFS, and Btrfs depends on your specific needs and use cases. Here’s a breakdown of each file system’s strengths and considerations to help you decide:

XFS

Pros:

• Performance: Excellent performance, especially for large files and high-performance workloads.
• Scalability: Designed for scalability, making it suitable for high-capacity storage systems.
• Mature: A well-established file system with a long history of stability.

Cons:

• Features: Lacks some advanced features like snapshots and built-in RAID compared to ZFS and Btrfs.
• Management: Does not have as many management tools as ZFS.

ZFS

Pros:

• Data Integrity: Strong focus on data integrity with built-in checksumming.
• Snapshots and Clones: Supports efficient snapshots and clones, allowing for easy backups and recovery.
• Compression: Offers built-in compression options, which can save space.
• RAID: Supports various RAID levels natively (ZRAID), enhancing redundancy.

Cons:

• Memory Usage: Can require more RAM for optimal performance.
• Complexity: More complex to set up and manage compared to traditional file systems.

Btrfs

Pros:

• Snapshots and Subvolumes: Supports snapshots and subvolumes, making it flexible for backups and system management.
• Built-in RAID: Offers support for multiple RAID levels.
• Compression and Deduplication: Supports on-the-fly compression and deduplication.

Cons:

• Stability: Still considered less mature than XFS and ZFS; while it has improved significantly, it may not be as stable for all workloads.
• Performance: Can have variable performance depending on the workload and configuration.

Recommendations

• For General Use: If you want stability and performance for general workloads, XFS is a great choice.
• For Data Integrity and Advanced Features: If data integrity, snapshots, and advanced features are critical, ZFS is likely the best option.
• For Flexibility and Modern Features: If you want modern features like snapshots and subvolumes with some flexibility, consider Btrfs.

Final Thoughts

Evaluate your specific use cases (e.g., data integrity, performance, ease of management) and the resources available on your system (e.g., RAM for ZFS). If possible, testing each file system in a non-production environment can also help you determine which one best meets your needs.

Just started my new session on Linux operating system. Had my first session today with one of my colleague around how Linux came into existence. How a problem to buy the driver for a printer led to creating a whole new world of open source. How people were restricted to using proprietary software where they were not able to do the changes. Different group of people came together from different parts of the world, some build the code some build the kernel and together they called it Linux GNU . Well!! that was all for the basic session. See you fellas tomorrow with something new.

What is Docker?

Docker is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications. Docker enables you to separate your applications from your infrastructure so you can deliver software quickly. With Docker, you can manage your infrastructure in the same ways you manage your applications.

What is Docker Container

A Docker container image is a lightweight, standalone, executable package of software that includes everything needed to run an application.
Containers are an abstraction at the app layer that packages code and dependencies together. Multiple containers can run on the same machine and share the OS kernel with other containers, each running as isolated processes in user space.

Lets start the Docker Installation on Ubuntu
Step 1:Update and install the system dependencies before install docker

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl gnupg -y

Step 2: Add GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) key is used to ensure the authenticity of the packages that are being downloaded from Docker

sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg
sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg

echo \
  "deb [arch="$(dpkg --print-architecture)" signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
  "$(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME")" stable" | \
  sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null

Step 3: Now we start install Docker & Docker plugins

sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin

• InstallDocker-Compose Plugins

curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/v2.21.0/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

ls -lsh /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

ln -s /usr/local/bin/docker-compose /usr/bin/docker-compose

• Verify the Docker & Docker compose version

 docker version && docker-compose version

• Restart,enable the Docker service

sudo systemctl restart docker 
sudo systemctl enable docker 

• Check the status of Docker service

sudo systemctl status docker

Step 4: Create a Docker Group and add user to the group

sudo groupadd docker

sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

newgrp docker

Finally Docker Engine Installation was successfully completed

To install PHP on Ubuntu using the terminal, you can follow these steps:

1. Update Package List: It's a good practice to start by updating your package list to make sure you're installing the latest version of PHP available in your repositories.

   sudo apt update

1. Install PHP: You can install PHP along with commonly used extensions by running the following command:

   sudo apt install php

1. Install Additional PHP Extensions (Optional): Depending on your project's requirements, you might need additional PHP extensions. You can search for available extensions using the following command:

   sudo apt search php- | grep '^php-'

Then, install the desired extension(s) using a command like:

   sudo apt install php-extension-name

1. Check PHP Version: After installation, you can check the installed PHP version using:

   php -v

1. Restart Web Server (if applicable): If you're planning to use PHP with a web server like Apache or Nginx, you'll need to restart the server to apply the changes.

For Apache:

   sudo systemctl restart apache2

For Nginx:

   sudo systemctl restart nginx

That's it! PHP should now be installed on your Ubuntu system. You can test it by creating a simple PHP file and running it through a web server, or you can use the built-in PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) to execute PHP scripts directly from the terminal.

I apologize for any confusion. The "php-extension-name" in my previous response was a placeholder for the actual name of the PHP extension you want to install. Let me clarify:

When installing PHP extensions on Ubuntu, you need to provide the correct package name for the extension you want to install. Here's how you can search for available PHP extensions and install them:

1. Search for Available PHP Extensions: To find available PHP extensions, you can use the apt search command followed by "php-" as a prefix. This will list all the available PHP-related packages.

   sudo apt search php-

1. Install the Desired PHP Extension: Once you've identified the extension you want to install from the search results, use the sudo apt install command to install it. Replace php-extension-name with the actual name of the extension.

   sudo apt install php-extension-name

For example, if you want to install the GD extension for image manipulation, the command would be:

sudo apt install php7.4-gd  # Replace "7.4" with your PHP version

Please replace php7.4-gd with the actual name of the extension you want to install. If you're unsure about the correct package name, you can refer to the search results from the apt search command.

Remember to adapt the version number (like "7.4") to the version of PHP you have installed on your system. If you're not sure about the PHP version, you can check it using the php -v command.

To install Drupal on Ubuntu using the terminal, you can follow these steps:

1. Update System Packages: Open a terminal and update the package list to ensure you have the latest information about available packages.

   sudo apt update

1. Install Apache Web Server: Install the Apache web server using the following command:

   sudo apt install apache2

1. Install MySQL Database Server: Install MySQL server for your Drupal installation:

   sudo apt install mysql-server

During the installation, you'll be prompted to set a root password for MySQL.

1. Install PHP and Required Extensions: Install PHP and the required extensions for Drupal:

   sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql php-gd php-xml php-mbstring php-ldap php-xmlrpc php-curl

1. Create a MySQL Database for Drupal: Log into MySQL as the root user:

   sudo mysql -u root -p

Enter the MySQL root password, then create a database, user, and grant privileges to the user:

   CREATE DATABASE drupaldb;
   CREATE USER 'drupaluser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
   GRANT ALL ON drupaldb.* TO 'drupaluser'@'localhost';
   FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
   EXIT;

1. Download and Extract Drupal: Navigate to your Apache web root directory:

   cd /var/www/html

Download the latest Drupal package:

   sudo wget https://www.drupal.org/download-latest/tar.gz -O drupal.tar.gz

Extract the archive:

   sudo tar -xzvf drupal.tar.gz

Rename the extracted folder to something cleaner (e.g., drupal):

   sudo mv drupal-x.y.z drupal

1. Adjust Permissions: Set proper permissions for Drupal to access its files:

   sudo chown -R www-data:www-data drupal

1. Configure Apache: Create a new virtual host configuration file:

   sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/drupal.conf

Add the following configuration, adjusting paths and domains as needed:

   <VirtualHost *:80>
       ServerAdmin admin@example.com
       DocumentRoot /var/www/html/drupal
       ServerName your_domain.com

       <Directory /var/www/html/drupal/>
           Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
           AllowOverride All
           Require all granted
       </Directory>

       ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
       CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
   </VirtualHost>

Enable the virtual host and Apache modules:

   sudo a2ensite drupal
   sudo a2enmod rewrite

Restart Apache to apply the changes:

   sudo systemctl restart apache2

1. Drupal Installation: Open a web browser and visit http://your_domain.com. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the Drupal installation.

Remember to replace your_domain.com with your actual domain name and adjust other settings according to your needs. This guide assumes a basic setup; you might need to adjust some details based on your specific environment and security requirements.

Try it Yourself:

To install MediaWiki on Ubuntu using the terminal, you can follow these steps:

1. Update System Packages: Open a terminal and update your system's package list to ensure you have the latest information about available packages.

   sudo apt update

1. Install Required Packages: MediaWiki requires a web server (typically Apache), a database (usually MySQL or MariaDB), and PHP. Install these packages:

   sudo apt install apache2 mysql-server php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql php-cli php-gd php-xml php-mbstring php-xmlrpc

During the installation of MySQL server, you will be prompted to set a root password for MySQL.

1. Create MySQL Database and User: Log in to MySQL and create a new database and user for MediaWiki.

   sudo mysql -u root -p

Once inside the MySQL console:

   CREATE DATABASE mediawiki;
   CREATE USER 'mediawikiuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password_here';
   GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON mediawiki.* TO 'mediawikiuser'@'localhost';
   FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
   EXIT;

Replace 'your_password_here' with a strong password of your choice.

1. Download and Extract MediaWiki: Navigate to the /var/www/html directory and download the latest version of MediaWiki. You can find the link to the latest version on the MediaWiki website.

   cd /var/www/html
   sudo wget https://releases.wikimedia.org/mediawiki/1.37/mediawiki-1.37.0.tar.gz
   sudo tar -xzvf mediawiki-1.37.0.tar.gz
   sudo mv mediawiki-1.37.0 mediawiki
   sudo chown -R www-data:www-data mediawiki

Adjust the version number as needed.

1. Configure Apache: Create a virtual host configuration file for MediaWiki.

   sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/mediawiki.conf

Add the following configuration:

   <VirtualHost *:80>
       ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
       DocumentRoot /var/www/html/mediawiki
       ServerName your_domain_or_ip
       ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
       CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
   </VirtualHost>

Replace your_domain_or_ip with your server's domain name or IP address.

Enable the virtual host and reload Apache:

   sudo a2ensite mediawiki.conf
   sudo systemctl reload apache2

1. Complete Installation via Web Browser:
   Open a web browser and navigate to http://your_domain_or_ip. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the MediaWiki installation. You'll need to enter the database details and set up an admin account.

2. Finalize Configuration:
   After the installation, you may need to adjust some permissions and settings. Refer to the MediaWiki Installation Guide for further information.

Remember that software versions and URLs may change over time, so make sure to refer to the official MediaWiki documentation for the most up-to-date instructions.

Try it YourSelf: