In Java, Lambda expressions basically express instances of functional interfaces.

Lambda Expressions in Java are the same as lambda functions which are the short block of code that accepts input as parameters and returns a resultant value.

Functionalities of Lambda Expression in Java

Lambda Expressions implement the only abstract function and therefore implement functional interfaces lambda expressions are added in Java 8 and provide the below functionalities.

• Enable to treat functionality as a method argument, or code as data.
• A function that can be created without belonging to any class.
• A lambda expression can be passed around as if it was an object and executed on demand.

// A sample functional interface (An interface with
// single abstract method
interface FuncInterface
{
    // An abstract function
    void abstractFun(int x);
 
    // A non-abstract (or default) function
    default void normalFun()
    {
       System.out.println("Hello");
    }
}
 
class Test
{
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        // lambda expression to implement above
        // functional interface. This interface
        // by default implements abstractFun()
        FuncInterface fobj = (int x)->System.out.println(2*x);
 
        // This calls above lambda expression and prints 10.
        fobj.abstractFun(5);
    }
}

Output:

Lambda Expression Syntax

Reference:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/lambda-expressions-java-8/

In Java, Lambda expressions basically express instances of functional interfaces.

Lambda Expressions in Java are the same as lambda functions which are the short block of code that accepts input as parameters and returns a resultant value.

Functionalities of Lambda Expression in Java

Lambda Expressions implement the only abstract function and therefore implement functional interfaces lambda expressions are added in Java 8 and provide the below functionalities.

• Enable to treat functionality as a method argument, or code as data.
• A function that can be created without belonging to any class.
• A lambda expression can be passed around as if it was an object and executed on demand.

// A sample functional interface (An interface with
// single abstract method
interface FuncInterface
{
    // An abstract function
    void abstractFun(int x);
 
    // A non-abstract (or default) function
    default void normalFun()
    {
       System.out.println("Hello");
    }
}
 
class Test
{
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        // lambda expression to implement above
        // functional interface. This interface
        // by default implements abstractFun()
        FuncInterface fobj = (int x)->System.out.println(2*x);
 
        // This calls above lambda expression and prints 10.
        fobj.abstractFun(5);
    }
}

Output:

Lambda Expression Syntax

Reference:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/lambda-expressions-java-8/

nameless or without any identity is called anonymous.

To override the method in outer class of the inner class object.

Different ways of implement Anonymous Inner classes :

• using Concrete class
• using Abstract class
• using Interface
• as method argument

Why we use

In java 8, Lambda expression and Functional interface can be understand by these concepts.

Example Anonymous Inner class Using Concrete class

I have a class named as parent and another class named as child. child extends the parent class. So parent class method can be access by child class depends on access modifier.

public class parent {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		child a = new child();
		a.educate();
		a.leave();
		a.salary();
	}
	
	public void educate()	
	{
		System.out.println("education");
	}

	public void leave()
	{
		System.out.println("leave");
	}

	public void salary()
	{
		System.out.println("90000");
	}
}

class child extends parent
{
	public void salary()
	{
		System.out.println("10000");
	}
}

Output

if we remove salary method in child then the output is

But the child need it own method definition go for anonymous inner class

code

parent a = new parent()
		{
			public void salary() {
				System.out.println(20000);
			}
		};

it is use to give a method for a single object. it must be end with ; (semicolon) like above code.

note : we can define method in inner class which are define in outer class.

Reference :

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/anonymous-inner-class-java/

nameless or without any identity is called anonymous.

To override the method in outer class of the inner class object.

Different ways of implement Anonymous Inner classes :

• using Concrete class
• using Abstract class
• using Interface
• as method argument

Why we use

In java 8, Lambda expression and Functional interface can be understand by these concepts.

Example Anonymous Inner class Using Concrete class

I have a class named as parent and another class named as child. child extends the parent class. So parent class method can be access by child class depends on access modifier.

public class parent {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		child a = new child();
		a.educate();
		a.leave();
		a.salary();
	}
	
	public void educate()	
	{
		System.out.println("education");
	}

	public void leave()
	{
		System.out.println("leave");
	}

	public void salary()
	{
		System.out.println("90000");
	}
}

class child extends parent
{
	public void salary()
	{
		System.out.println("10000");
	}
}

Output

if we remove salary method in child then the output is

But the child need it own method definition go for anonymous inner class

code

parent a = new parent()
		{
			public void salary() {
				System.out.println(20000);
			}
		};

it is use to give a method for a single object. it must be end with ; (semicolon) like above code.

note : we can define method in inner class which are define in outer class.

Reference :

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/anonymous-inner-class-java/

I am following this Baremetal Programming Series (Low Byte Productions Channel), inorder to learn about ARM microcontrollers, writing drivers (I've a goal to write a driver for a Serial Communication Protocol maybe CAN or Q-SPI, etc.) and learning some C constructs as well which I will then emulate in Renode.

Some notes,

• MACROS{.verbatim} are instructions that asks the C preprocessor to do text replacements.

• Behind the Scenes of libopencm3{.verbatim}

  • The memory mapped address of a pin is calculated in the pre-processing stage itself using macros.

• SYS_TICK{.verbatim} is like a Wall Clock.

• weak functions{.verbatim} are functions whose implementation can be redefined.

For Renode implementation, I just loaded the ELF of program used in the episode as like for the Hello World, Intro to Renode from Interrupt and I did used the same Makefiles and Linker scripts once again. (Those 2 seems to be a huge mess ? Is it ?)

I shouldn't be lazy enough to tinker them in future.

Then Looked the state of Pin A5 (External LED) and I could see that the state toggles. I think I could even log the data or check this working using Robot Framework.

Next, I need to look at Renode docs to discover more functionalities and then continue with Episode 3 on PWM and Timers!

Reproducability

• From this blog, I got aware of this reproducibility issue in RL i.e execution of same alogrithm in same enironment gives different results each time. It might be due different initial conditions, seeds etc for e.g. issues faced when reproducing a deep RL paper by Matthew Rahtz.

• For which the author proposes some statistical tests and he has a written a paper about this.

May be I have to have a look on it later.

• ACL has been already implemented by these guys.

• Some Eng resources I got,

  1. Nuts and Bolts of Deep RL Experimentation by John Schulman
  2. Notes by Falcon
  3. Nuts and Bolts of Deep RL Experimentation by John Schulman
  4. Notes by Falcon

micro-ROS

Today I did a hello world in micro-ROS. micro-ROS is used for interfacing ROS with resource constrained embedded devices. I had bought an ESP32-WROOM board since micro-ROS supports ESP, I thought of trying it and followed this post. In which I did,

• I had compiled the int32_publisher example using idf.py(provided by ESP) and flashed it to my ESP board.

• Then ran a micro-ROS agent(docker container) on my laptop and which recieved messages from ESP.

Basically we have to write a C code using ESP,micro-ROS and RTOS(FreeRTOS) libraries which then can be compiled & flashed into ESP and then it works accordingly. I had this issue with specifying the port for the agent.

Have to go through the rclc API.

I am gonna work on some project like with FreeRTOS & micro-ROS ?

Bayesian Optimization

Bayesian optimization is a powerful strategy for finding the extrema of objective functions that are expensive to evaluate. It is particularly useful when these evaluations are costly, when one does not have access to derivatives, or when the problem at hand is non-convex.

The Bayesian Optimization algorithm can be summarized as follows:

1. Select a Sample by Optimizing the Acquisition Function.
2. Evaluate the Sample With the Objective Function.
3. Update the Data and, in turn, the Surrogate Function.
4. Go To 1.

• It uses a
  • Surrogate function - that approximates the relationship between I/O data of the sample. There are many ways to model, one of the ways is to use Random Forest/Gaussian Process (GP, with many different kernels) i.e here we’re kind of approximating the objective function such that it can be easily sampled.
  • Acquisition function - It gives a sample that is to evaluated by the objective function. It is found by optimizing this function by various methods and it balances exploitation and exploration (E&E)[1].
• It is highly used in Tuning of Hyperparameters e.g. Optuna,HyperOpt.

Optuna

• API Reference

• This video gives a good intro.

I am trying to use it for HPO of lunar lander environment, initally results weren’t that good. I think it’s because of not giving a proper intreval i.e a large intreval that won’t result in a good choice of HP. May be I have to give try other ways to make it work.

Paper Reading

• I’m reading this paper, “Improving Environment Robustness of Deep Reinforcement Learning Approaches for Autonomous Racing Using Bayesian Optimization-based Curriculum Learning”, which I saw from ArXiV (in CS.RO) today, where they propose a method for automated curriculum selection which lead me to know about Bayesian Optimization.

• Curriculum Learning is about spoon feeding different environments for agent exploration, so that we can get a robust policy.

References

1. https://machinelearningmastery.com/what-is-bayesian-optimization/

Hi,

This is my first blog post. My main intention to have a blog is that,

• It will help me to think about what I wish to write up such that it is understandable by others which implies that I should have understood it at first.
• It will enhance my writing skills.
• Mainly, It will be a kind of “Journal”ing and that it would be nicer to look about what you have done/thought in the past.

Hi everyone! Welcome to my another blog.
Today we are going to see about difference between VS Code and VSCodium.
We all know about VS Code. If you’re a developer, then you’ve probably used Visual Studio Code (VS Code) — a popular and powerful code editor. It is very useful for beginners because of User Interface. But have you heard of VSCodium? They look almost the same, but there are some important differences behind the scenes.

What is VS Code?

VS Code is a free code editor made by Microsoft. It’s used by millions of developers for writing code in JavaScript, Python, C++, HTML, CSS, and many other languages. And there are some things also there which is making VS Code very special. There are,

• A nice user interface
• Built-in terminal and debugger
• Extension marketplace
• Git integration
• And more!

What is VSCodium?

VSCodium is almost the same as VS Code — it looks the same, works the same, and is also free.
But there’s one main difference:
VSCodium is 100% open source and doesn’t send any data to Microsoft.

What does that mean?
When you use VS Code, it may collect some basic data (like what extensions you use or how the app performs) and send it to Microsoft. This is called telemetry. VSCodium removes all that.
So if you’re someone who really cares about privacy or using only open-source software, VSCodium is the better choice.

Summary in one line:

• VS Code is great for beginners and everyday use.
• VSCodium is the same thing, but without Microsoft and tracking.

Some common doubts about these platforms:

1. Can I use the same extensions in both?
Yes, most extensions work in both VS Code and VSCodium.
But in VSCodium, you may need to manually connect to the VS Code Marketplace, or some Microsoft-only extensions might not work properly.
note*: So if you're using popular extensions like Prettier, ESLint, or Live Server, they will likely work in both.

2. Do they look the same?
Yes! When you open VSCodium, it looks and feels almost exactly like VS Code.
The only small difference is the logo and name — VSCodium has a blue icon, and it doesn’t say “Microsoft”.

3. Why do people care about telemetry (data collection)?
Some developers are very serious about privacy or using only free and open-source software.
VS Code sends some data back to Microsoft to improve the product. It’s not personal data, but some people prefer zero tracking, which is why they choose VSCodium.

4. Who maintains VSCodium?
VSCodium is not made by a company. It is maintained by open-source developers who want to give people a version of VS Code that doesn’t include Microsoft’s parts.

So that's it, guys. These are all the information which I want to share with you. I hope it will be useful for everyone. Will see you in next blog.

Hi all! Welcome to my next blog. Today I am going to share about a tech meetup which was I attend recently. The meetup was organized by Code On JVM at Contentstack.
That was a great experience for me. The environment(Contentstack) was truly inspiring, such a great place to work and learn. We had three insightful presentations that deepened my understanding of Java and its ecosystem.
One of the highlights for me was getting introduced to the CMS world, especially the concept of Headless CMS, which was completely new to me.
Let's see about Headless CMS.

Why it's called “Headless”?

• The “head” is the front-end (like a website or app).
• “Headless” means the CMS doesn’t have a built-in front-end. It just provides content via APIs (usually REST or #GraphQL), and developers build the front-end separately.

Example:

This example will give you a clear understanding. It’s Like a Box of Content.

• You fill the box (headless CMS) with your articles, images, etc.
• Then your developer takes the content out and shows it however they want.

Usage difference between Traditional CMS and Headless CMS:

Use Traditional CMS when:

• You only need a website
• You want less coding
• You want to get started quickly

Use Headless CMS when:

• You want to build multiple platforms (app, website, etc.)
• You want more flexibility in design and code
• You have developers to build the front-end

How it Works:

• Content creators write/manage content in the CMS (text, images, etc.).
• The CMS exposes this content via an API.
• Front-end developers fetch the content and display it using any framework (React, Vue, Angular, mobile app, etc.).

Examples of Headless CMS:

• Contentful
• Strapi
• Sanity
• DatoCMS
• Prismic
• Hygraph (formerly GraphCMS)

That's it, guys. I hope I gave a basic clear explanation about Headless CMS. Thank you for reading my blog. Will see you in my next Blog.

Hello everyone! Welcome to my blog. Today we are going to explore some most important topics in CSS.

1. Box model:
In CSS all the HTML elements are considered as box model. The Box Model in CSS is a fundamental concept that explains how HTML elements are rendered on a web page. Every element in a webpage is treated as a rectangular box, and the box model defines the structure of that box.

2. CSS selectors:
CSS selectors are patterns used to select and style the HTML elements you want to apply styles to. They are the most basic part of CSS—you use them to target specific elements on a page.

• Class selector
• ID selector
• Element selector
• Combination selector, etc.

3. CSS position:
The position property in CSS is used to control how an HTML element is placed on a webpage.By default, elements appear one after the other in the normal document flow. But when you use position, you can move elements anywhere on the screen — relative to the page, their parent, or even the screen itself.

Types of Position:

• Static
• Relative
• Absolute
• Fixed
• Sticky

4. Flex and Grid:
Flexbox: Flexbox(Flexible Box) is a one-dimensional layout system — it helps you align items in a row or a column, especially when the size of items is dynamic or unknown.

When to use?

• When you're laying out items in a single direction (row or column).
• Ideal for navbars, menus, buttons, and simple alignment tasks.

Grid: CSS Grid is a two-dimensional layout system — it lets you layout items in rows and columns at the same time.

When to use?

• When your layout is complex (like a website layout with header, sidebar, main, footer).
• You want to control both rows and columns precisely.

5. Media query and Animation:
Media query: Media queries are a way to apply CSS only when a certain condition is true — like screen size, resolution, or orientation.
They’re essential for responsive design — so your site works well on all devices.
Parts:

• @media – This tells the browser “Start a media query.”
• Media Type – Like screen, print, all. Most common is screen.
• Media Feature – Conditions like width, height, orientation, etc.
• Logical Operators – Use and, or, not to combine conditions.

Animation: Animations let you change CSS properties over time — making your webpage look more dynamic or interactive.
Required:

• animation-name – Refers to the @keyframes block.
• animation-duration – How long the animation takes (e.g. 2s, 1.5s).
• animation-timing-function – The speed curve (ease, linear, etc.).
• animation-delay – How long to wait before starting.
• animation-iteration-count – How many times to repeat (1, infinite).
• animation-direction – normal, reverse, alternate.

That's it. When I am prepare for my interviews I found that these are the important topics in CSS. Moreover In my past two interviews they ask question in these topics as well. So I thought It would be great to share these with you.Thank you for reading this. I hope you like this. Will see you in my next blog

Hello everyone!
Welcome to my another blog...
Today, I planned to share with you 10 questions and their answers, which are very helpful for our interview preparation!

1. Tell me about yourself?
This question is depends on your personal information, like about schooling and college background, and skill sets. So you can draft your self-intro according to your preference.

2. Why are you interested in our company?
I am interested in your company because of its strong commitment to innovation and quality. Your focus on delivering excellent products and services aligns with my xxxxx & xxxxx skills.
Note*: Here is also I given you a basic template for this question. You can also add some specific details about that which company you are going to attend an interview for.

3. What is your salary expectation?
As a fresher, my focus is on gaining hands-on experience and contributing effectively to the team. Based on industry standards, the team. Based on industry standards, the average salary for this role ranges from ₹xxx to ₹xxx LPA. I am open to a competitive offer that reflects my skills, potential & the value I bring to the company.
Note*: This is for freshers.

4. What are your strengths?
My key strengths include being a quick learner and a keen observer, which allows me to adapt efficiently and grasp new concepts quickly. I have strong leadership qualities, enabling me to take initiative and guide teams effectively, while also being a collaborative team player who values cooperation and shared success.
Note*: This is for quick learning, Great observing, Leadership quality, and Teamwork ability skills. You can add some other technical skills also.

5. Why did you choose your career in IT?
I chose a career in IT because I’m deeply passionate about technology and how it transforms everyday life. I enjoy building intuitive digital experiences, which led me to specialize in xxxx and xxxx development. IT offers endless opportunities to learn, innovate, and solve real-world problems, which keeps me motivated. My curiosity and adaptability make this a natural and exciting path for me.

6. How do you stay updated with technology trends?
I stay updated with technology trends by actively participating in developer communities like xxxx and attending tech meetups such as xxxx. I also follow industry blogs, watch online tutorials, and explore new tools related to xxxx and xxxx development. This consistent learning habit helps me stay current, improve my skills, and stay inspired by innovations.

7. What are your weaknesses?
One area I’m actively working on is delegating tasks. Since I tend to take full ownership of a project, I sometimes try to handle everything myself. However, I've realized the importance of trusting teammates and distributing work efficiently. I’ve been improving this by practicing collaboration in group projects and tech meetups, which has helped me grow.
Note*: It’s always great to show self-awareness and a willingness to improve.

8. How do you prioritize your work?
I prioritize my work by first identifying tasks based on urgency and impact. I like to break larger goals into smaller, manageable steps, and I often use to-do lists or digital tools to stay organized. Time-sensitive tasks always come first, followed by tasks that align with long-term goals. I also review my progress regularly to adjust plans if needed. This helps me stay focused and deliver quality results efficiently.

9. Describe how you deal with conflicts in the workplace?
When conflicts arise in the workplace, I approach them calmly and with an open mind. I try to understand the other person's perspective first, then communicate my thoughts respectfully to find common ground. I believe in addressing issues early before they escalate, and I always prioritize the team’s goals over personal opinions.

10. Why should we hire you over other qualified candidates?
You should hire me because I bring a strong blend of technical skills and a deep passion for xxxx development. I'm a quick learner, a keen observer, and actively involved in tech communities, which keeps me updated and inspired. I balance leadership with teamwork, allowing me to adapt in dynamic environments. While I may be a fresher, my drive to grow and contribute meaningfully sets me apart. I'm fully committed to making a positive impact from day one.

So, these are the popular questions repeatedly asked by corporations. And also, these are basic templates, you can add whatever you want.
If I missed any important questions, let me know in the comments. It will help me too. I hope you like it. Will see you on my next blog.
*Reference: https://copilot.microsoft.com/chats/5PcmbYgrY1SNaZx9SHFDe